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The Transformers: The Movie

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This article is about the 1986 animated film. For the 2007 live-action film, see Transformers (film).

The Transformers: The Movie
Theatrical release poster
Directed byNelson Shin
Screenplay byRon Friedman
Based onThe Transformers
by Hasbro and Takara
Produced by
Starring
CinematographyMasatoshi Fukui
Edited byDavid Hankins
Music byVince DiCola
Production
companies
Distributed byDe Laurentiis Entertainment Group[1]
Release date
  • August 8, 1986 (1986-08-08) (United States)
Running time
85 minutes[3]
Countries
LanguageEnglish
Budget$5–6 million[5][6]
Box office$2.6–5.8 million (North America)[6][7]

The Transformers: The Movie is a 1986 animated science fiction action film based on the Transformers television series. It was released in North America on August 8, 1986, and in the United Kingdom on December 12, 1986.[8] It was co-produced and directed by Nelson Shin, who also produced the television series. The screenplay was written by Ron Friedman, who created Bionic Six a year later.

The film features the voices of Eric Idle, Judd Nelson, Leonard Nimoy, Casey Kasem, Robert Stack, Lionel Stander, John Moschitta Jr., Scatman Crothers, Peter Cullen, Frank Welker, and Orson Welles, who died 10 months before the film's release, in his final film role.[9] The soundtrack comprises electronic music composed by Vince DiCola and songs from rock and heavy metal acts including Stan Bush and "Weird Al" Yankovic.

The story is set in 2005, 20 years after the TV series' second season.[10] After a Decepticon assault devastates Autobot City, Optimus Prime wins a deadly one-on-one duel with Megatron, but ultimately sustains fatal injuries in the encounter. With Megatron gravely injured, the Decepticons are forced to retreat, saving the Autobots. The Autobots are hunted across the galaxy by Unicron, a planet-sized Transformer intending to consume Cybertron and who transfigures Megatron to become the enslaved Galvatron.

Hasbro's exclusively toy-focused agenda demanded a product refresh, to be contrived by the on-screen death of many prominent starring characters, at the protest of some creators of the film and TV series. The deaths of many established characters, especially Optimus Prime, inadvertently upset the young audience, prompting a letter-writing campaign.

At the time of its release, the film underperformed at the box-office and received generally negative reviews for its plot and violent deaths, while praising the animation, voice acting and score. Over time, perceptions of the film has improved, and it has gained a cult following.

Plot

[edit]

In 2005, the evil Decepticons have conquered the Autobots' home planet of Cybertron. The heroic Autobots, operating from Cybertron's two moons, prepare a counter-offensive. The Autobot leader, Optimus Prime, sends a shuttle to Autobot City on Earth for supplies. Their plan is discovered by the Decepticons, who kill several Autobots, and hijack the ship.

In Autobot City, Hot Rod, is fishing with Daniel Witwicky (son of Spike Witwicky) spots the hijacked shuttle and a battle breaks out. Optimus arrives with reinforcements and engages the Decepticon leader, Megatron, in combat. Both are mortally wounded, forcing the Decepticons to retreat to space in Astrotrain. Optimus passes the Matrix of Leadership to Ultra Magnus, telling him that its power will light the Autobots' darkest hour, and dies.

To conserve fuel, the Decepticons jettison their wounded, including Megatron, who is abandoned by his treacherous second-in-command, Starscream. Drifting in space, the wounded Decepticons are found by Unicron, a sentient planet who consumes other worlds. Unicron offers Megatron a new body in exchange for destroying the Matrix, which has the power to destroy Unicron. Megatron reluctantly agrees and is remade into Galvatron, while the other jettisoned Decepticons are converted into his new troops.

On Cybertron, Galvatron disrupts Starscream's coronation as Decepticon leader and kills him. Unicron consumes the moons of Cybertron, including the secret bases with Autobots and Spike. Retaking command of the Decepticons, Galvatron leads his forces to seek out Ultra Magnus at the ruined Autobot City.

The surviving Autobots escape in separate shuttles, which are shot down by the Decepticons and crash on different planets. Hot Rod and Kup are taken prisoner by the Quintessons, tyrants who hold kangaroo courts and execute prisoners by feeding them to the Sharkticons. Hot Rod and Kup learn of Unicron from Kranix, a lone survivor of Lithone, a planet devoured by Unicron. After Kranix is executed, Hot Rod and Kup escape, aided by the Dinobots and the small Autobot Wheelie, who helps them find an escape ship.

The other Autobots land on the Planet of Junk, and they decide to use the junk to repair the ship until Galvatron and his forces arrive. Ultra Magnus secures the remaining Autobots but fails to release the power of the Matrix. He is destroyed by Galvatron, who seizes the Matrix, which he intends to use to control Unicron. The Autobots find Ultra Magnus' body and are attacked by the native Junkions led by Wreck-Gar, who had hidden when Galvatron arrived with his forces.

The arriving Autobots from Quintesson led by Hot Rod befriend Wreck-Gar and the Junkions, who in return rebuild Ultra Magnus. Realizing Galvatron now has the Matrix, the Autobots and the Junkions fly to Cybertron. Galvatron attempts to threaten Unicron, but like Ultra Magnus, cannot activate the Matrix. In response, Unicron transforms into a colossal robot and begins to dismember Cybertron. When Galvatron attacks him, Unicron swallows him and the Matrix whole.

The Autobots arrive at the scene while Unicron continues to battle Decepticons, Junkions, and other defenders of Cybertron. Hot Rod's ship is damaged and he and his group of Autobots crash into Unicron's left eye. Daniel saves his father from Unicron's digestive system, and the group rescues several Autobots. Galvatron attempts to ally with Hot Rod, but Unicron forces him to attack. Hot Rod is almost killed but recovers and activates the Matrix, becoming Rodimus Prime, the new Autobot leader. Rodimus tosses Galvatron into space and uses the Matrix's power to destroy Unicron, then escapes with the other Autobots through Unicron's remaining eye. With the Decepticons in disarray, the Autobots celebrate the war's end and the retaking of their home planet while Unicron's severed head orbits Cybertron.

Cast

[edit]
  • Judd Nelson as Hot Rod/Rodimus Prime, a headstrong, cavalier Autobot warrior unknowingly destined to unleash the power of Matrix.
  • Peter Cullen as Optimus Prime, the Autobots' highly intelligent and courageous leader.
    • Cullen also voices Ironhide.
  • Lionel Stander as Kup, a gruff, elderly Autobot warrior and mentor to Hot Rod.
  • Robert Stack as Ultra Magnus, an elite soldier who takes Optimus's place as the Autobot commander and the bearer of the Matrix of Leadership.
  • Orson Welles as Unicron, a planet-sized giant capable of devouring a world.
  • Frank Welker as Megatron, the merciless Decepticon leader.
    • Welker also plays Wheelie, Soundwave, Frenzy and Rumble.
  • Leonard Nimoy as Galvatron. Galvatron is the reborn form of Megatron, even stronger but considerably less stable than his prior self.
  • Susan Blu as Arcee, a highly skilled female Autobot.
  • Neil Ross as Springer, a Triple Changer and confident Autobot warrior.
  • Gregg Berger as Grimlock, the powerful but somewhat dimwitted Dinobot leader.
  • Christopher Collins (credited Chris Latta) as Starscream, the Decepticons' conceited air warrior and Megatron's lieutenant.
  • Dan Gilvezan as Bumblebee, a young, loyal Autobot scout.
  • Paul Eiding as Perceptor, the Autobots' resident scientist.
  • Buster Jones as Blaster, a boisterous Autobot soldier and communications officer.
  • John Moschitta Jr. as Blurr, a fast-talking Autobot soldier and courier.
  • Eric Idle as Wreck-Gar, an eccentric Transformer and leader of the Junkions.
  • David Mendenhall as Daniel Witwicky, a young human and Autobot ally.
  • Corey Burton as Spike Witwicky, Daniel's engineer father and longtime Autobot ally.
  • Arthur Burghardt as Devastator, the combined form of the Constructicons and the Decepticons' most powerful warrior.

Victor Caroli serves as narrator, while Norman Alden, Scatman Crothers, Regis Cordic, Stanley Jones, Jack Angel, Roger C. Carmel, Michael Bell, Clive Revill, Hal Rayle, and Don Messick play minor roles.

Development

[edit]

Writing

[edit]

The Transformers television series began broadcasting in 1984 to promote the Transformers toys by Hasbro. The Transformers: The Movie was conceived as a commercial tie-in to promote the 1986 line of toys.[11] The TV series featured no deaths, and the writers assigned familial identities to characters for children to associate with. However, Hasbro ordered that the film kill off several existing characters to refresh the cast.[12]

The director, Nelson Shin, recalled: "[Hasbro] created the story using characters that could best be merchandised for the film. Only with that consideration could I have freedom to change the storyline."[5] The screenwriter, Ron Friedman, who had written for the TV series, advised against killing the Autobot leader, Optimus Prime. He said in 2013: "To remove Optimus Prime, to physically remove Daddy from the family, that wasn't going to work. I told Hasbro and their lieutenants they would have to bring him back but they said no and had 'great things planned'. In other words, they were going to create new, more expensive toys."[12]

According to the screenwriters, Hasbro underestimated the extent to which Prime's death would shock the young audience. The story consultant Flint Dille said: "We didn't know that he was an icon. It was a toy show. We just thought we were killing off the old product line to replace it with new products. [...] Kids were crying in the theaters. We heard about people leaving the movie. We were getting a lot of nasty notes about it. There was some kid who locked himself in his bedroom for two weeks."[13][14] Optimus Prime was subsequently revived in the TV series.[12]

A scene in which Ultra Magnus is drawn and quartered was scripted and storyboarded, but replaced with a scene of him being shot.[12] Another unproduced scene would have killed "basically the entire '84 product line" in a charge against the Decepticons.[12]

Production

[edit]

The film's budget was $6 million, six times greater than that of the equivalent 90 minutes of the TV series. Shin's team of almost one hundred personnel normally took three months to make one episode of the series, so the extra budget did not help the considerable time constraints from the concurrent production of both the film and TV series.[5]

The Toei Animation vice president, Kozo Morishita, spent one year in the United States during production. He supervised the art direction, insisting the Transformers be given several layers of shading and shadows for a dynamic and detailed appearance.[15] Shin conceived of Prime's body fading to grey to show that "the spirit was gone from the body".[5]

The Transformers: The Movie was the final film featuring Orson Welles.[16] Welles spent the day of October 5, 1985, performing Unicron's voice on set, and died on October 10. Slate reported that his "voice was apparently so weak by the time he made his recording that technicians needed to run it through a synthesizer to salvage it".[17] He also read his lines so slowly that the audio had to be shortened to speed it up about eight percent.[18] Shin said that Welles had originally been pleased to accept the role after reading the script and had expressed an admiration for animated films.[5] Shortly before his death, Welles told his biographer, Barbara Leaming, "You know what I did this morning? I played the voice of a toy. I play a planet. I menace somebody called Something-or-other. Then I'm destroyed. My plan to destroy Whoever-it-is is thwarted and I tear myself apart on the screen."[17][19]

Soundtrack

[edit]
Main article: The Transformers: The Movie (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack)

Stan Bush's song "The Touch" is prominently featured in the film, having been originally written for the Sylvester Stallone film Cobra (1986).[20] A remix is featured in the 2012 video game Transformers: Fall of Cybertron;[21] the song is featured in the 2018 film Bumblebee. The soundtrack includes "Instruments of Destruction" by NRG,[22] "Dare" by Stan Bush,[23] "Nothin's Gonna Stand in Our Way" and "Hunger" by Kick Axe (credited as Spectre General),[24] "Dare to Be Stupid" by "Weird Al" Yankovic, and a hard rock remake of the Transformers TV theme song by Lion.[25]

Release

[edit]

The Transformers: The Movie was released on August 8, 1986, to 990 screens in the United States, grossing US$1,778,559 (equivalent to about $4,944,000 in 2023) on opening weekend. It opened at 14th place behind About Last Night, which had already been in theaters for five weeks. Its final box office gross of $5,849,647 (equivalent to $16,260,000 in 2023) made it the 99th-highest-grossing film of 1986.[7] In that year, Hasbro lost a total of $10 million on its two collaborations with the one-year-old and serially failing film distribution company, De Laurentiis Entertainment Group (DEG): My Little Pony: The Movie and then The Transformers: The Movie.[6][26] Box office returns were booming across the industry, but several other small young distribution companies were similarly failing due to bulk production of many cheap films.[6] Furthermore, The Transformers was reportedly "lost in an already-crowded summer lineup" including Short Circuit, Ferris Bueller's Day Off, Labyrinth, Big Trouble in Little China, The Karate Kid: Part II, Aliens, Howard the Duck, Stand by Me, Flight of the Navigator, and The Fly.[11]

The Transformers: The Movie was released in the United Kingdom on December 12, 1986, through Rank Film Distributors. in Japan, it was initially released on LaserDisc in 1987, and had a theatrical release through a charity showing on August 9, 1989.[27]

Across the decades, The Transformers has become a cult classic,[28] which yielded a remastering, several home media re-releases, and more theatrical screenings.[29][30] In September 2018, the film was screened for one night in the United States, in 450 (later increased by 300, totaling 750) theaters.[31]

Home media

[edit]

The film was animated in 4:3 "fullscreen" format, and the trailer promises "spectacular widescreen action". The feature was vertically cropped to widescreen dimensions for theatrical showings and on certain home media releases and released in fullscreen on VHS, DVD, and Blu-ray.

United States

[edit]

The film was originally released in 1987 on VHS,[32][better source needed] Betamax, and LaserDisc in North America by Family Home Entertainment.[33] This print of the film removes the usage of profanity said by Spike, but retains Ultra Magnus' line.[citation needed] The 1987 VHS release remained on the Billboard Top Kid Video Sales top 25 chart for at least 40 weeks.[33]

Rhino Home Video released the film on VHS in 1999. This version uses the UK master which has scrolling text and narration at the beginning to replace the cast credits, and an additional closing narration assuring viewers that "Optimus Prime will return." This narration was present in the British theatrical release.[34][35] The company released the film on DVD on November 7, 2000, with a newly remastered print based on the US version, and restores Spike's swear.[10][36] It was distributed exclusively in Canada by Seville Pictures.[37]

Following Rhino's home video rights to Sunbow's catalog expiring, Sony Wonder released a two-disc 20th-anniversary special edition on November 7, 2006. This release featured a brand-new widescreen remaster of the film, in addition to the original fullscreen version. The extras include several audio commentaries, newly produced behind-the-scenes featurettes, storyboards, commercials, and an episode from Transformers: Victory – "Scramble City: Mobilization". However, it only features audio commentary.[38]

Shout! Factory released a 30th-anniversary edition on Blu-ray and DVD on September 13, 2016.[39] Shout! Factory released a 35th-anniversary edition on 4K Ultra HD Blu-ray on August 3, 2021.[40]

United Kingdom

[edit]

The film was initially released on VHS in September 1987 by Video Gems. This print of the film uses the same master used for the UK theatrical release but excludes the swear words. The film was re-released in February 2000 by Maverick Entertainment.

Maverick would release the film on DVD in November 2001, which once again used the UK print, but used the sound master from the US DVD, which restores Spike's swear. It features an episode of the Transformers: The Headmasters anime as a bonus, alongside the theatrical trailer and a picture gallery. This version was later released on VHS in April 2002, which also contains the Headmasters episode. Afterwards, the home video rights transferred over from Maverick to Metrodome Distribution after TV-Loonland AG's purchase of a stake in the company.

In March and June 2003, Prism Leisure released a budget DVD release of the film. Metrodome Distribution released a "reconstructed" version of The Transformers: The Movie in September 2005, which featured a newly remastered version of the film that exposed the entire visible picture from the film's negative. The film was also released on UMD the following month.

In June 2007, Metrodome Distribution released an "Ultimate Edition" two-disc of the movie, one month prior to the release of the live-action Transformers film, which featured the same remastered widescreen print from the Sony Wonder release on Disc 1, alongside the UK version on Disc 2. Its extras include many from the Remastered edition, plus fan commentary, a fan-made trailer, interviews with Peter Cullen and Flint Dille, and the "Scramble City" OVA.[10][38] This was followed up with a UMD reissue and a Blu-ray release in October 2007. This release uses an upscaled version of the 2006 widescreen remaster print, although it lacks bonus features.

In December 2016, Manga Entertainment released the 30th Anniversary Edition as a limited-edition Blu-ray steelbook, and released the standard edition on DVD and Blu-ray a year later. This release uses the same master and prints from the US Shout! Factory release, being released under license from the company. Funimation UK later reissued the Blu-ray and released the movie on 4K Blu-ray in October 2021, once again using the same prints and masters from the Shout! Factory release.[41]

Japan

[edit]

A year after the film's original release, it was released on LaserDisc by Hillcrane. In the 90's, the film saw releases in Japan on the LaserDisc and VHS format. On January 25, 2001, Pioneer LDC released the film on Region 2 DVD with Japanese and English audio (which was presented in the UK version). That release is no longer in print.[42]

Reception

[edit]

Initial reception

[edit]

Contemporary reviews were mostly negative. Many perceived a thin but darkly violent plot appealing only to children, based on blatant advertisement, unintelligible action and supposedly lookalike characters. The day after release, Caryn James of The New York Times wrote: "While all this action may captivate young children, the animation is not spectacular enough to dazzle adults, and the Transformers have few truly human elements to lure parents along, even when their voices are supplied by well-known actors."[8]

Scott Cain reported a "packed theater", but complained that "as a jaundiced adult", he "never had the slightest clue as to what was taking place" even after consulting several excited children (who assured him it did not make sense for them either, but "who loved it anyway") and the four-page studio synopsis (which he could not reconcile with what he had seen). He was disappointed that he couldn't identify the voices of several famous actors and concluded that "non-stop action is sufficient for kiddie audiences but ... I am offended that The Transformers is a 90-minute toy commercial. Even worse, it paints a future in which war is incessant. The only human child among the characters is in tears almost constantly."[43]

Richard Martin said "It's everything you'd expect from a Saturday morning cartoon blown up to feature length and designed to sell more toys to more kids. [... Unicron is] a monster planet that consumes everything in its path, just as the movie seems set to do."[44] Jack Zink said "Dino De Laurentiis has seen the future, and it is spare parts", calling the film "a wall-to-wall demolition derby for kids". As "an animated, heavy-metal comic book [with a] maddeningly simple story", he said "The art and graphics may be substantially more complex than the TV series but the net visual result is less impressive than most viewers have a right to expect. [...] Not bad for what it is, but not much in the face of precedents like Heavy Metal (1981) and Fritz the Cat (1972)." He said most of its characters are descended from Mad Max and Luke Skywalker, and "have learned the art of the civil insult".[45]

In a contemporary review later published in his Movie & Video Guide, the film historian Leonard Maltin gave the picture the lowest possible rating and wrote, "Little more than an obnoxious, feature-length toy commercial...That deafening rock score certainly doesn't help."[46]

Later reception

[edit]

The review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes reports that 62% of the 26 surveyed critics gave The Transformers: The Movie a positive review. The site's critical consensus reads: "A surprisingly dark, emotional, and almost excessively cynical experience for Transformers fans."[47]

In 2007, John Swansburg of Slate wrote, "Though a modest film compared with Michael Bay's blockbuster [2007 Transformers], the original Transformers is the better film ... [T]here's nothing even approaching the original's narrative depth." He recalled the film giving him a new curse word and childhood trauma: "Only in our scariest nightmares would we have imagined that a mere 20 minutes into the movie, Optimus Prime, the most beloved of Autobots, would be killed ... It just blew me away. Witnessing death on that scale was [...] every bit as shocking as War of the Worlds had been for Grandma and Grandpa."[17]

Gabe Toro of CinemaBlend wrote in 2014: "...Transformers: The Movie otherwise provides the sort of chase-heavy thrills that comes from robots that can become cars. Contrast that with Michael Bay's vision, where the robots basically abandon their transforming skills to have endless, violent punch-outs that annihilate cities. Bay's films show the action as a junkyard orgy. The '86 offering slows down to allow for actors like Leonard Nimoy and, yes, even Orson Welles to give actual performances. Fans of Michael Bay's Transformers movies are free to enjoy them. But they'll never top the gravity and excitement of The Transformers: The Movie."[48]

Kashann Kilson of Inverse wrote in 2015: "[N]ostalgia is a funny thing: for many of us in the 30-and-over Transformers fan club, that first movie was an integral part of our childhood. To hell with what the reviews said—the O.G. Transformers movie rocked our collective worlds ... We still love the original so much today, part of the fun of watching Bay's explosion-fests is being able to wave our canes at the youngsters and wax poetic about how back in our day, Hollywood knew how to make a real movie about giant, alien robot warriors."[49]

In the late 2010s, Den of Geek published several retrospective reviews focusing on the film's gruesome but quirky tone, and on the traumatic cultural impact of its violence which is heavier than most preceding animated films. In 2018, it said "the shadow of death hung like a black curtain" over the film and called the psychedelic scenes of Unicron's world-eating guts "a futuristic rendering of Dante's Inferno" in "apocalyptic detail".[50] In 2019, the film was called "The Great Toy Massacre of 1986" which "traumatized a generation of kids with a string of startling deaths".[12] It is remembered as "a story about death, transfiguration, guilt, and redemption",[50] and as "a milestone in animation history".[11]

Comic book adaptations

[edit]
Main article: Transformers (comics)

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b c d "The Transformers -- The Movie". AFI Catalog of Feature Films. Archived from the original on December 4, 2020. Retrieved May 19, 2020.
  2. ^ Owen, Luke (August 8, 2019). "Till All Are One: A Production History of The Transformers: The Movie". Flickering Myth. Archived from the original on September 21, 2024. Retrieved April 19, 2021.
  3. ^ "TRANSFORMERS (U)". British Board of Film Classification. August 21, 1986. Archived from the original on March 15, 2019. Retrieved May 2, 2015.
  4. ^ a b "The Transformers: The Movie (EN) [Original title]". Lumiere. Archived from the original on December 24, 2019. Retrieved May 19, 2020.
  5. ^ a b c d e Dormehl, Luke (August 2011). "Transformers: The Movie retrospective". SFX Magazine (211).
  6. ^ a b c d Knoedelseder, William K. Jr. (August 30, 1987). "De Laurentiis : Producer's Picture Darkens". The Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on March 28, 2021. Retrieved April 18, 2021.
  7. ^ a b "Transformers: The Movie (1986)". Box Office Mojo. Archived from the original on October 31, 2019. Retrieved May 2, 2015.
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  9. ^ "California Death Records". RootsWeb.com. Archived from the original on March 23, 2008. Retrieved May 24, 2017.
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  11. ^ a b c Cummins, Chris (May 5, 2018). "Transformers: The Movie Is More Than Just Nostalgia". Den of Geek. Retrieved April 19, 2021.
  12. ^ a b c d e f Lambie, Ryan (August 8, 2019). "Transformers: The Movie and The Great Toy Massacre of 1986". Den of Geek. Archived from the original on September 4, 2022. Retrieved April 18, 2021.
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  15. ^ Kōzō, Morishita (2010). Tōei Animēshon enshutsuka 40-nen funtōshi: anime "Doragon bōru Z" "Seinto Seiya" "Toransufōmā" o tegaketa otoko. Tōkyō: Ichijinsha. pp. 116–117. ISBN 9784758011860.
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  21. ^ "The Best Licensed Songs Used in Video Game Commercials"You Got the Touch" - Stan Bush". Complex.
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  24. ^ "Kick Axe Songs". Kickaxe.net. Archived from the original on January 20, 2017. Retrieved May 24, 2017.
  25. ^ "The Transformers (Theme) Lyrics by Lion - The Transformers Soundtrack Lyrics". Lyricsondemand.com. Archived from the original on September 21, 2024. Retrieved May 24, 2017.
  26. ^ Kline, Stephen (1993). Out of the Garden: Toys, TV, and Children's Culture in the Age of Marketing (1st ed.). London: Verso. p. 200. ISBN 086091397X.
  27. '^ "「トランスフォーマー ザ・ムービー」チャリティー上映会 - ["Transformers the Movie" Charity Screening (August 9, 1989)] - pastport" (in Japanese). Archived from the original on March 28, 2023. Retrieved March 28, 2023.
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  37. ^ The Transformers: The Movie (DVD package). Distributed exclusively in Canada by Seville Pictures.
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  40. ^ "The Transformers: The Movie [35th Anniversary Limited Edition Steelbook] + Exclusive Lithograph - - 4K UHD/Blu-ray". Shout! Factory. Archived from the original on May 24, 2021. Retrieved May 24, 2021.
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  42. ^ "TRANSFORMERS THE MOVIE Animation DVD". CDJapan. Archived from the original on December 8, 2021. Retrieved December 8, 2021.
  43. ^ Cain, Scott (August 12, 1986). "'Transformers' a bleak toy commercial mutant". The Atlanta Constitution. Atlanta, Georgia. Retrieved April 25, 2021 – via Newspapers.com.
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  45. ^ Zink, Jack (August 15, 1986). "An animated, heavy-metal comic book". South Florida Sun Sentinel. Fort Lauderdale, Florida. Retrieved April 25, 2021 – via Newspapers.com.
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